FOG on a MAC

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Revision as of 22:03, 19 September 2015 by SebastianRoth (talk | contribs) (→‎Using stones (aka startup keys))
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Server Install

It has been reported that the FOG server will run on a MAC without any issues. Interesting URLs: http://jason.pureconcepts.net/2014/11/install-apache-php-mysql-mac-os-x-yosemite/ http://coolestguidesontheplanet.com/get-apache-mysql-php-phpmyadmin-working-osx-10-10-yosemite/ https://embswit.wordpress.com/2013/07/10/enabling-built-in-mac-os-x-tftp-server/

Client Tutorial

Netbooting Apple Mac

Intel Macintoshs all use (U)EFI - where common PCs have a BIOS - to bootstrap and to some extent talk to hardware. Several different ways exist to make those Macs boot from network. Depending on your preference and setup choose whichever suites you.

Using stones (aka startup keys)

On startup (when you hear the sound, before Apple sign comes up) you can hold down different keys to make the Mac boot from network. Apple uses a kind of special protocol called BSDP which is partly similar to the well known DHCP protocol. But there is more to it. Find a detailed explanation here if you want to dig into it. This method is called 'Using stones' as people use stones or other similar objects to boot a whole lab of Mac clients by putting a stone on the keyboard to hold down the 'n' key - but there are other ways to achieve this too!

ISC DHCP Server

To make a Mac client boot from network you need to extend your DHCP server configuration. Add the following option to your subnet section: 

subnet ... {
    authoritative;
    ...
}

To issue special answers to Mac clients you also need to define a class: 

class "Apple-Intel-Netboot" {
    match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 14) = "AAPLBSDPC/i386";
    option dhcp-parameter-request-list 1,3,17,43,60;
    if (option dhcp-message-type = 1) {
        option vendor-class-identifier "AAPLBSDPC/i386";
        option vendor-encapsulated-options 08:04:81:00:00:67;
    }
    filename "ipxe.efi";
    next-server x.x.x.x;
}

Restart the DHCP server after saving the configuration. Then booting up your Mac client hold down the 'n' key and you will see a globe spinning instead of the usual apple sign. The Mac requests an IP from the DHCP server which advises it to load iPXE via TFTP and boot that up.

architecture

That was easy. So now we can go into the details of delivering different iPXE binaries for varying Mac platforms: 

class "Apple-Intel-Netboot" {
    match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 14) = "AAPLBSDPC/i386";
    option dhcp-parameter-request-list 1,3,17,43,60;
    if (option dhcp-message-type = 1) {
        option vendor-class-identifier "AAPLBSDPC/i386";
        option vendor-encapsulated-options 08:04:81:00:00:67;
    }
    next-server x.x.x.x;
    if (substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 15, 10) = "MacBook1,1") {
        # 32 bit
        filename "ipxe32.efi";
    }
    elsif (substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 15, 10) = "MacBook6,1") {
        # 64 bit
        filename "ipxe.efi";
    }
    #
    # add more 'elsif' here to suit your needs
    #
    else {
        # default to ipxe.efi as new hardware is likely to be 64 bit
        log(INFO, concat ("Unknown identifier '", substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 15, 64), "' you might want to add to your config."));
        filename "ipxe.efi";
    }
}

To lookup Mac models and their architecture/CPU this website comes in very handy!

fancy

Newer Macs also have a fancy version of network booting. Hold down the 'alt' key and you will see different disks and network images to boot from. To make this work you need to modify the class definition: 

class "Apple-Intel-Netboot" {
    match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 14) = "AAPLBSDPC/i386";
    option dhcp-parameter-request-list 1,3,17,43,60;
    if (option dhcp-message-type = 8) {
        option vendor-class-identifier "AAPLBSDPC";
        if (substring(option vendor-encapsulated-options, 0, 3) = 01:01:01) {
            # BSDP List
            option vendor-encapsulated-options 01:01:01:04:02:80:00:07:04:81:00:05:2a:09:0D:81:00:05:2a:08:69:50:58:45:2d:46:4f:47;
        }
        elsif (substring(option vendor-encapsulated-options, 0, 3) = 01:01:02) {
            # BSDP Select
            option vendor-encapsulated-options 01:01:02:08:04:81:00:05:2a:82:0a:4e:65:74:42:6f:6f:74:30:30:31;
            filename "ipxe.efi";
            next-server 192.168.11.11;
        }
    }
}

For more information about the rows of hex numbers see this excellent example.

DNSmasq

As well as ISC DHCP also dnsmasq can be configured to serve as netboot server for Mac clients: 

dhcp-vendorclass=apple-boot,"AAPLBSDPC/i386"
dhcp-option-force=apple-boot,43,08:04:81:00:00:67
dhcp-option-force=apple-boot,60,"AAPLBSDPC/i386"
dhcp-option-force=apple-boot,67,"ipxe32.efi"
dhcp-authoritative

Add those five lines to your configuration, save and restart the service. Try booting one of your Macintoshs holding down the 'n' key while it comes up. You should see a globe - instead of the apple - on the screen!

Links

http://lists.thekelleys.org.uk/pipermail/dnsmasq-discuss/2010q1/003638.html

Using bless

An Apple Mac can be 'blessed' to boot from whichever source you want via commandline. This setting is saved in NVRAM and not changed by cloning your Macs via FOG. I'd suggest activating SSH on your Macs and use clusterssh to bless all of them without having walk to and login to each and every client.

To 'bless' your Mac turn it on and let it boot up as usual. Login and open the Terminal App and run the following command (use a proper IP instead of x.x.x.x): 

sudo bless --netboot --booter tftp://x.x.x.x/ipxe.efi


No special DHCP configuration is needed for this! BUT if your server ip changes for example you'd have to run this command on all your clients again.

Culprits

On some Macmini clients the bless-setting doesn't do the job. Up till now (Sept. 2015) it's still unclear why. Possibly a newer Boot-ROM Firmware version is the issue.

iPXE for Macintosh

As noted earlier there is a fundamental difference between Mac-EFI and PC-BIOS. Not just with configuring network boot but also when it comes to the binary being loaded via TFTP and executed on the client. To make iPXE work on Macs a lot of work has been done in 2014. Check out this thread if you are interested in the details: http://forum.ipxe.org/showthread.php?tid=7323

The mentioned DHCP class should point the client to the correct iPXE binary (ipxe.efi). FOG includes this binary in current SVN development tree or you can download a binary from the repository if you are still using an older version of FOG: https://svn.code.sf.net/p/freeghost/code/trunk/packages/tftp/

Depending on the hardware you have this might work for you straight away. If not, please get in contact with us on the forums so we can work on it to find a solution!!

Working

Macbook1,1 ...

Macbook6,1 (W89452MK8PX), nVidia NForce MCP79 (PCI ID 10de:0ab0) - http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/macbook/specs/macbook-core-2-duo-2.26-white-13-polycarbonate-unibody-late-2009-specs.html

Macmini5,2 (C07G3W4ADJD1), Broadcom NetXtreme BCM57765 (PCI ID 14e4:16b4) - http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-i5-2.5-mid-2011-specs.html

Macmini6,2 (C07LR0UQDY3H), Broadcom NetXtreme BCM57766 (PCI ID 14e4:1686) - http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-i7-2.6-late-2012-specs.html

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