FOGUserGuide

A guide to deployment, management, And concept overview For FOG.

Based on a document by: Thomas J. Munn CISSP

Introduction

Preface

This document is intended to be modified by FOG users, in fact it is based on a document created by a FOG user. If you feel something could be said better or put more clearly, it is encouraged that you make changes to this document. We just ask that you keep it constructive and in good taste. In order to edit the wiki you are now required to create an account, as spamming of the forum has gotten pretty bad recently.

• What is FOG?
  FOG is a Linux-based, free and open source computer imaging solution for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Linux (limited) that ties together a few open-source tools with a php-based web interface. FOG doesn't use any boot disks, or CDs; everything is done via TFTP and PXE. Your PC boots via PXE and automatically downloads a small Linux client. From there you can select many activities on the PC, including imaging the hard drive. Also with FOG many network drivers are built into the Linux client's kernel, so you don't really need to worry about nic drivers (unless there isn't kernel support for it yet). FOG also supports putting an image that came from a computer with a 80GB partition onto a machine with a 40GB hard drive as long as the data is less than 40GB. FOG supports multi-casting, meaning that you can image many PCs from the same stream. So it should be as fast whether you are imaging 1 PC or 20 PCs.


• How should FOG be implemented?
  FOG is best implemented on a dedicated server, any spare machine you have. We recommend that you have sufficient hard drive space as each image you make is usually between 5 and 10 GB. Using a RAID array allows imaging multiple computers simultaneously without much performance degradation. A gigabit NIC is recommended. For faster image compression and decompression, provide as much processor and RAM as you can make available.


• What features are included with FOG?
  FOG is more than just an imaging solution, FOG has grown into an imaging/cloning and network management solution. FOG now performs tasks like installing and managing printers, tracking user access to computers, installing applications remotely via snap-ins, automatic user log offs and computer shutdown on idle timeouts. If a computer is badly infected with a virus or malware, you can boot FOG in AV mode and have it remove the viruses. You can wipe your disks, destroying all information that was on them, restore deleted files, or scan the disk for bad blocks.


• How much does FOG cost?
  FOG is an Open Source project and licensed under the GPL which means that you are free to use FOG on as many computers as you like for free. This also means that if you want to make any changes to the source code you are free to do so. The creators of FOG make no profits from this project with the exception of donations. FOG comes with absolutely NO WARRANTY and the creators of FOG are in NO WAY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE OR LOSS CAUSED BY FOG! Please see the license file included with the FOG release for more information. With that being said we attempt to do a very good job of supporting our users, in fact it is one of the goals of FOG to have better support than most commercial products. All support requests should be placed through the FOG's forum which is located at: http://fogproject.org/forum/ Thanks for supporting open source software and enjoy!

Background on FOG

• Why FOG?
  Working in an educational environment our organization's techs very often re-imaged computers in their day to day activities. For a long time we used a commercial product that in many ways didn't meet our needs. It wasn't web based, and you needed to create driver disks, floppys or USB drives. Other things were very difficult, such as searching for a host by MAC address and the product was expensive, even with an educational discount. So we started to investigate ways in which we could do things better, and as our organization struggled to make a commercial product work better by trying to pxe boot dos, and testing it in Windows PE, we, the FOG Team started to build linux based solution on our own time. We finally got a working version and decided to release it as open source since we use many other open source products, and figured we should give back to the community.

Fundamental Concepts

This section provides some basic concepts that the FOG Project uses.

• Unicasting
  Unicasting in FOG means sending a single image to a single host. This can mean an upload or a deploy, and is independent of the image type.
  See this section for more on Unicasting
• Multicasting
  Multicasting in FOG uses UDPcast to send a single image to multiple computers using only slightly more bandwidth than sending the image to a single computer with unicast.
  See this section for more on Multicasting
• PXE Network Bootstrap loading
  What is iPXE and the difference between the files? Check out the iPXE page.

Installing FOG

FOG is a typical LAMP software bundle, so the main server is a Linux box. The rest of the components: Apache, MySQL, PHP, and several other services, are automatically downloaded and installed by the FOG installation script.

Requirements

This listing is for informational purposes only, as the required components will be automatically downloaded and installed by the FOG installation script.

• PHP 5.3.0+
• MySql 5+
• Apache 2+

The LAMP setup can also be easily adjusted for a "WAMP (Windows Apache MySQL PHP) system" though will require a bit more knowledge of what packages to use and how to integrate with the FOG system.

Installation on different distributions of Linux

Click below for step-by-step guides written for your favorite flavor of Linux: Template:Installation

Network Integration

Basic Network Setup

The FOG setup script asks several questions which might not be obvious. These sections describe only the most generic settings.

• Isolated Network
  The easiest method to image machines and get started using FOG is on a small, isolated network. The FOG setup program will configure all the necessary services for you completely automatically. This section covers only those basic steps.
  See FOG on an Isolated Network


• Integrating FOG Server with Existing Network Systems
  Slightly more complicated is the task of integrating FOG into your existing network infrastructure. This section attempts to describe the steps to link FOG with a fairly generic enterprise system.
  See Integrating FOG into an Existing Network

Advanced Network Setup

Integrating FOG Server with Existing Network Systems in non intrusive mode using MAC filtration

This methods allows to use Fog in existing network without the need of controlling existing DHCP server. Requires you to input the MAC address of FOG clients. See Integrating FOG into an Existing Network in non intrusive mode

Integrating FOG server into an existing network in non intrusive mode using ProxyDHCP

This methods allows to use Fog in existing network without the need of controlling existing DHCP server. Does NOT required you to input the MAC addresses of FOG clients. See Setting up ProxyDHCP.

Wake On Lan (WOL)

• Cisco WOL - Layer 3
• ProCurve WOL

Multicast/UDPCast

• Cisco Multicast - Layer 3

• HP Multicast - Layer 2&3

Full Listing of Ports used by FOG server and client

FTP – tcp 20,21
SSH – tcp 22
TFTP – udp 69
HTTP(s) – tcp 80,443
Portmap – tcp/udp 111
NFS – tcp/udp 2049
Transfer ports – tcp/udp 1024 – 65535
As found at: http://fogproject.org/forum/threads/firewall-config.27/

Getting Started

Quick Start - Basic Tasks

So you have a FOG server installed and setup, now what do you do? Below are a few common "Getting Started" items.

1. Booting into FOG and Uploading your first Image
2. Deploying your Image a single client
3. Deploying your Image a group of clients

Tips

1. FOG requires that all hosts be entered in the FOG Database for imaging. The most important part is getting the MAC address of the host right. FOG uses the MAC for targeting image installs and acquires. Using the wrong MAC could result in unpredictable results, including the complete erasure of the wrong pc! The IP address isn’t that important, and the ‘name’ field is more for the user. Mac address format is 00:12:3F:C4:57:0C . Using dashes, spaces, or no items at all will result in the GUI not accepting the host.
2. After hosts are entered, it is wise to group them together by function, hardware, or common image. The image will be shared among all members of a particular group. This occurs within the ‘hosts’ screen, and NOT on the groups screen. This is a little confusing, so it helps to think of the ‘groups’ screen as a task generator, rather than controlling group memberships.
3. For importing hosts in a .csv file follow the format below: 1 line per host:

   "00:c0:4f:18:62:63","Hostname","1.1.1.1","Your description","XP/Vista","Image filename to use"

4. Hosts are then configured to boot via PXE boot by going into the BIOS. Make sure PXE boot is the FIRST option, NOT the hard disk, or things won’t work.
5. Configure your ‘master’ pc for the first image. Probably a good idea to run ‘sysprep’ prior to imaging, but not necessary. Sysprep will make your imaging life easier, if hardware is different, etc. See Microsoft.com for more details on using sysprep.

Preparing a Client for Cloning

FOG's strength can be better harnessed if some time and work is put into preparing a master image that fits the needs of your environment.
This section covers client preparation steps that will save you time and headaches like:

Setting a Default User Profile
Installing Windows Updates
Pre-Installing the FOG service, etc.

It also covers more advanced ideas that are guaranteed to cause headaches, like:

Sysprep, Hardware-Independent Images (HAL), and Driver integration.

Read more about Client Setup

Managing FOG

The FOG web interface is your primary management console. It is very well-documented in the pages linked below:

The Main Managing FOG Document

The link above opens the Main Managing FOG document and has a Table of Contents of its own.
Subcategories within the Managing Fog section include the following sections:

• Understanding the FOG Dashboard
  Provides an overview of the GUI and explains the symbols used on the Menu Bar.
• Managing Hosts
  This section covers management tasks such as: Adding a new host, Managing Hosts, Host Status, and Creating Host Groups.
• Managing Groups of Hosts
  This section provides an Overview of sorting hosts into useful Groups, and provides instruction on Managing Groups.
• Defining and Managing Images
  Defines types of images: Single Partition | Multiple Partition - Single Disk | Multiple Partition - All Disks | Raw Image
  Also describes Creating, Modifying Image Objects, and Adding Images to Existing Objects.
• Storage Management - adding additional Storage Nodes
  This section introduces the concept of Storage Nodes, which provide scalability to FOG with the ability to "share the load of computers being imaged."
  Also covered are Adding Storage Nodes, Monitoring Image Replication between nodes, and Understanding the role of the "Master Node" in a group.
  In addition, this section details the necessary steps to include PXE and TFTP Services for a node located on a remote network segment.
• Defining types of Administrative FOG Users
  The difference between a regular FOG user and a Mobile user
  Also covered are Creating and Modifying FOG user accounts

FOG Tasks

This is a major section of FOG Management because all day-to-day client management is initiated within the FOG Tasks section.
The Overview Section provides a quick list of tasks available within FOG.
General Tasks - Basic Imaging Tasks:

Uploading an image (includes video tutorial)
Deploying an image
Multicasting

Advanced Tasks - Describes tasks other than imaging:

Debug
Upload - Unicast (Debug)
Send - Unicast (Debug)
Send - Unicast (Without Snapins)
Deploy All Snapins
Deploy Single Snapin
Memory Test
Wake Up
Fast Wipe
Normal Wipe
Full Wipe
Disk Surface Test
File Recovery
Virus Scan
Hardware Inventory

Delayed Tasks, or Scheduling Tasks in the future

Describes advanced settings available for scheduling tasks including Shutdown after Execution, Single Task scheduling, and setting a CRON-Style Task.

Adding Printers to FOG

How to add printers to FOG. This allows the FOG Service to manage printers on FOG Clients

The FOG Client Service

A service that runs on client computers allowing FOG to better manage them. Provides AD Integration, the ability to change a Hostname, Green Power management, Snap-in installation, User tracking, Printer Management, and more. See the Overview for a more complete list.
The FOG client can be partially or fully-enabled by modifying the ini file.

Installing the FOG Client

A typical client installation, Silent installation, and a video tutorial.

Advanced Description of FOG Services

More detail on:

Auto Log Out
Hostname Changer
Host Register
Task Reboot
Directory Cleaner
Display Manager
Green FOG
Snapin Client
User Tracker
User Cleanup
Printer Manager
Client Updater

Updating the FOG Client

How to update the FOG client.

The FOG Tray

Describes the Windows application that runs in the taskbar

Troubleshooting the FOG Client

Log file location

Snap-ins

A FOG Snap-in is anything that can be run on a Windows client. This can be just about anything, including: installing applications like Firefox or Microsoft Office, adding an icon or shortcut to the desktop, or tweaking a registry key. This section covers Creating a Snap-in, adjusting the FOG server to handle snap-ins larger than 2MB, Uploading the Snap-in into the FOG system, and Linking the Snap-in to hosts.

FOG Plugins

Plugins enhance FOG's functionality. See Plugins to activate and manage plugins.

LDAP Plugin

• Allows you to link with a LDAP server to add an user validation
• You can add mulitple LDAP servers
• You can config the DN base and the port of the LDAP Server
• If FOG can not connect with the LDAP Server, FOG tries to do a local validation
• If the user does not exist, FOG create one with the mobile profile

Location Plugin

• Allows you to direct hosts at separate locations and manage through a centralized server
• Hosts will be imaged from their location setup, rather than trying to pull from a random node/server across, potentially, WAN links
• Same works for "Tftp" in that it will direct the host to get it's kernel and init from it's related location
• Can also be used to direct the host to download it's snapins from the relevant location

Access Control Plugin

• NOT Currently ready
• To give a layer of security and control over the task and imaging processes as well as limit the GUI items from "designated" controls
• For Example: IT vs. Regular User

Capone Plugin

• Ideally for retail markets and computer shops
• The Capone plugin allows FOG to recognize similar hardware platforms and push your specified image to them with minimal (or no) interaction
• In FOG terms a "Quick Image" without any registration
• Obsolete As of FOG v1.3.0-r2651 the fog user can now add Quick Image to the Fog iPXE Menu(For All Hosts) and then select the exact image desired without having to do any registration. BUT intervention is still required to start imaging.

WOL Broadcast Plugin

• Allowing the Fog user to specify different broadcast address on your network
• WOL will use those set values to send the WOL Packets to the broadcast addresses, rather than staying only on layer 2
• WOL packets operate at the layer 2 of a network meaning that it can only reach it's "Subnet"
• WOL Broadcast directly tells a packet to send to other broadcast addresses so that it network passes on the traffic

Example Plugin

• If you would like to create your own plugins here is a template to follow.

FOG Server Maintenance

• Backing up FOG
• Restoring FOG from Backup
• Upgrading the FOG Server

Advanced Installations

Separate TFTP and DHCP Server

In this setup, the TFTP server and the DHCP server are hosted on a separate server. The TFTP server holds the PXE boot files including the Linux Kernel, boot file system image, and pxe config files. The DHCP server is the server that assigns the clients with IP addresses and network connection information.

Click here for detailed steps:
Separate TFTP and DHCP Server

Additional TFTP / DHCP Server on separate subnet

This setup allows FOG to manage systems at a remote network location by installing the necessary services to allow clients to PXE boot to a Storage Node:
Including multiple PXE / TFTP servers

This extends the work done in the above article, Including multiple PXE / TFTP servers, and extends it a bit to allow for FOG nodes to be used in various locations that pull from a central server.
Using remote FOG nodes for distributed deployment

Separate NFS Server

Edit the storage node definition with the IP address of your NFS server and set the image location to the path on the nfs server. Make sure it has a file called .mntcheck in the root of the share, a directory called dev and a .mntcheck file in the dev folder.

if you want to mount it on the fog server too, follow these steps:-

• mv /images /imagesold
• mkdir /images
• edit /etc/fstab

For example if your server name is mynfsserver and the share on it is called fogimages

mynfsserver:/fogimages /images nfs defaults 0 0 

then type

mount -a

KNOWN ISSUE You will get an error "Ftp connection to storage server has failed" at the end of uploading images though. You will have to manually rename and move the file from the dev directory to the directory below.

If your NFS server supports ftp as well, enable ftp on it too with the username and password specified in the storage server settings and this message will go away.

Hopefully someone will re-write POST_Stage2.php to change this at some point as if you already have the NFS share mounted why do we do this bit with ftp?

You may also get an infinite loop of the following message:-

"Unable to find a valid task ID based on the clients mac address of: <mac address>".

if you add an @ sign before the ftp commands it appears to have fixed the issue.

so line 133 of /var/www/fog/service/Post_Stage2.php would look like this

 if (@ftp_rename ( $ftp, $src, $dest ) || @ftp_rename ( $ftp, $srcdd, $dest ))

Change NFS location

This is not about a seperate NFS server in general, but about how to change the local storage directory and export it correctly.

See Change NFS location for more.

Other Advanced Topics

• Building a Custom Kernel
• Creating Custom FOG Service Modules
• Modifying the Init Image
• Translating FOG
• Bypass Host Registration
• Building undionly.kpxe
• Chainloading PXE to iPXE using pxelinux.0
• Auto driver Install

Troubleshooting

This section is intended to bring together the most common issues from the forums.

Troubleshooting Installation and Configuration Issues

• Knowledge Base
• Password Central
• Troubleshooting an image push to a client
• Troubleshooting an image upload
• Troubleshooting a multicast
• Troubleshooting Driver Issues
• Speeding up the Graphical User Interface
• Bottleneck / Imaging Speed Issues
• Advanced_Boot_Menu_Configuration_options
• Troubleshooting Host Management Showing Hosts as Down

Appendix C: Alternative Resources

For Microsoft sysprep information, see this page: http://vernalex.com/guides/sysprep/video.shtml

FOG install HOWTO: http://www.howtoforge.com/installing-fog-computer-imaging-solution-on-fedora8

FOG sourceforge page: http://freeghost.sf.net/

Deployment Forum at Edugeek contains many Fog related threads http://www.edugeek.net/forums/o-s-deployment/